Video is now embedded in education at all levels. In both secondary and tertiary contexts, educators are heavily relying on content ranging from low-budget instructor-made webcam videos, to high-budget productions, and viral YouTube channels.
However, it’s likely that many, if not most, of these applications of instructional video aren’t fulfilling the learning expectations, and could even be doing harm. One of the most important principles – unknown or forgotten by educators – is that instructional video needs to be integrated with learning activities.
COVID-19 – a crash course in instructional video
The recent international shift to online or remote learning has understandably resulted in even greater reliance on instructional videos such as lecture captures, how-to videos, and screencasts.
Unprecedented numbers of educators, arguably, have had a crash course in remote teaching skills that has, among other things, improved their video creation abilities, raised their awareness of where to source videos, and increased the integration of video in their curriculum.
As educators and students return to classrooms, we predict that the use of instructional video will continue, and as such, it’s important we focus on maximising the medium’s potential.
Students like videos
The increasing use of instructional videos is understandable, given that students often express their preference for videos over text. This preference means they’re more likely to engage with the learning material.
However, liking doesn’t necessarily equate to learning, and research has shown that students often have a somewhat over-inflated view of how much they’ve learned after watching a video.
Integrating video and learning activities
Studies show that the passive consumption of videos is an impoverished instructional design. For example, one study found that watching videos can lead to overconfidence.
In this study, high-performing school students who were shown a video predicted they would score 78% on a subsequent test, but actually averaged only 48%. A mini-test after the video rectified the overconfidence (dropping the prediction to 60%), but resulted in no learning gains.
However, mini-quizzes throughout playback led to a 77% prediction, and actual achievement of 75%. Simply including activities to focus learning and prompt processing drastically improved learning.
Other studies demonstrated that learning activities enhance what students attend to. For example, an eye-tracking study revealed that those who engaged in a quiz after watching a video resulted in them paying more attention to the quizzed information when re-watching the video.
This reminds us that quizzes and other learning activities that are integrated with videos need to be purposeful – the creation of learning activities that are not aligned with the learning goals can have lingering distracting effects.
Interactive elements such as quizzes or prompts to take notes can also drastically increase watch-time.
One of the most consistent findings in the literature is that shorter videos lead to higher learning gains than longer ones. This is partly because students actually watch shorter videos rather than switching them off out of boredom, with a sharp decline after six minutes. At the very least, this should encourage instructors to put the most important information first in any video. However, including activities throughout playback has been shown to increase watch-time by as much as 25%.
Humans aren’t programmed like computers; we build knowledge through an active process of comparison, engagement, and meaning-making.
It’s no surprise, then, to find that passively watching videos rarely results in long-term retention, skill execution, or conceptual change. Clothing instructional videos with learning activities, especially the actual application of the knowledge or skills being taught, can result in much longer term learning gains.
As an example, in a skills-based study, adults who were encouraged to practise CPR while guided by a video were far more likely to be able to perform the procedure after a two-month delay than those who learned from a video without practising.
Read more: Back to school … for now? It makes sense to plan for more remote learning
A false sense of security
It’s important to recognise that the use of instructional video needs to be planned; otherwise it can actually lead to a false sense of learning security. By this we mean that setting a video with no integrated learning activity or call to practise may falsely increase a student’s perception of learning, and dissuade them from studying other materials.
Instead, teachers and instructors could consider these approaches:
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Insert interactions during videos – there are a number of hosting platforms and video software packages that can be used to create interactive videos, including options for quizzes (for example, Panopto, EdPuzzle, Articulate, Adobe Collaborate, H5P).
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A low-tech alternative is, when recording a video, include activity prompts throughout, such as “please pause and write down your thoughts”, “consider pausing to graph this data”, or “pause and try working with this code yourself before continuing”.
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Improve how students attend to relevant details – ask them to engage in a quiz before watching the video, or create a simple worksheet for students to complete while watching.
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Ensure the video is short, to improve the likelihood of students actually watching the whole video.
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Check the learning activities, including quiz questions, so that they’re aligned with the learning outcomes, rather than simply test recall.
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Find ways for students to actually use or apply the knowledge or skills being taught either during or shortly after watching the video.
The reduction in production costs, and the rapid upskilling of educators during the COVID-19 crisis, means more of these videos will be bespoke productions tailored to particular students. This is an exciting development, but care must be taken to encourage active processing and avoid passive consumption, so as to maximise the learning benefits.
